Inglês Técnico

Texto para traduzir: What Is an Algorithm?

2010-07-21T18:06:32-03:00

What Is an Algorithm?

An algorithm is a sequence of instructions that tells how to solve a particular problem. Once the problem has been identified, the next step is to select the best method for solving it. If the problem is a familiar one, standardized algorithms may be available from program libraries. But if standard algorithms are not available or suitable, a new algorithm must be written and then added to the program library. An algorithm must be specified exactly, so there can be no doubt about what to do next, and it must have a finite number of steps.

A computer program is an algorithm that is written in a language that a computer can understand, but the same algorithm could be wirtten in several different languages.

VOCABULARY

Once= uma vez

Standardized= padronizados

Added= acrescentado, incorporado

There can be no doubt= não pode haver dúvida

Steps= passos, etapas

Texto para traduzir: Programming Languages

2010-07-21T18:05:23-03:00

Programming Languages

Just as there are many human languages, so there are many computer languages. In the early days, people programmed using the computer’s binary code, or what we call “machine language”. When this became difficult, mnemonics were used to make life easier. This is called “assembly language” programming. Finnally, there are the “high-level” languages like BASIC, FORTRAN and ALGOL. These are much more similar to everyday language, and are translated directly or indirectly into the computer’s machine code using the computer’s firmware.

BASIC is the language most often used to introduce programming.

VOCABULARY

In the early days= no princípio, no início

Mnemonics= arte de desenvolver a memória mediante processos auxiliares como a associação; mnemônica

To make easier= tornar mais fácil

High-level= alto nível

BASIC= Beginners All-puspose Symbolic Instruction Code

FORTRAN= FORmula TRANslation

ALGOL= ALGOrithmic Language

Firmware= “software” armazenado em ROM em vez de disco

Texto para traduzir: Different Kinds of Memory

2010-07-21T18:04:00-03:00

Different Kinds of Memory

Read only memory (ROM)– In most computers it is useful to have some of the instructions or whole programs permanently stored inside the computer. There are particular kinds of chips which enable us to do this so that the memory is not lost even when the machine is switched off. These are called ROM chips. ROM stands for “read-only memory”. The word “non-volatile” is often used to describe this kind of memory – meaning that it is not destroyed when the power is switched off.

Random-access memory (RAM)– The other kind of memory found inside computers is called RAM. Another name for it is “read/write memory”. RAM chips are the kind which lose their contents when the power is lost – so this kind of memory is sometimes also described as “volatile”. In the computer, RAM is the working memory.

Back-up memory– The last kind of memory which concerns us is “back-up” memory. This is memory outside the main body of the computer in which programs can be kept for future use or in which data can be kept until the computer is ready to use it. It could be a cassette tape or a magnetic disk.

VOCABULARY

Chip= dispositivo que contém muitos transistores e outros componentes montados sobre uma peça de silício

Enable us= capacita-nos

Random Access memory= tipo de memória da qual a informação pode ser instantaneamente copiada, não importando onde ela esteja localizada; memória de acesso randômico ou aleatório

Concern us= diz respeito a nós, concerne a nós

Texto para traduzir: Binary Numbers

2010-07-21T18:02:32-03:00

Binary Numbers

Binary numbers are well suited for use by computers, since many electrical devices have two distinct states: on and off. They are the numbers computers themselves understand. Composed entirely of zeros and ones, they express all values in powers of two.

The advantage of the binary system is that you only need two symbols (0 and 1) to express any number, no matter how big it is. Since computers are basically just large groups of switches, and since these switches can only be either on or off, binary system fits right in; you just define 0 as off and 1 as on and then binary numbers tell the computer which switches to throw.

The table below shows some numbers written in binary and decimal form. Note that writing numbers in binary requires more digits than writing numbers in decimal.

Decimal	Binary	Decimal	Binary
0	0	11	1011
1	1	12	1100
2	10	13	1101
3	11	14	1110
4	100	15	1111
5	101	16	10000
6	110	17	10001
7	111	18	10010
8	1000	19	10011
9	1001	20	10100
10	1010

VOCABULARY

Well suited= well appropriate = bem adequados, aprorpiados

In powers= em potências

No matter= não importando

Since= uma vez que

Switches= chaves

Either ... or= ou ... ou

Fits = suits = é adequado, apropriado.

Texto para traduzir: Artificial Intelligence

2010-07-21T18:01:31-03:00

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is the branch of computer science that deals with using computers to simulate human thinking. It s concerned with building computer programs that can solve problems creatively, rather than simply working through the steps of a solution designed by the programmer.

One of the main problems of artificial intelligence (AI) is how to represent knowledge in the computer in a form such that it can be used rather than merely reproduced. A computer that tells you the call number of a library book is not displaying artificial intelligence; it is merely echoing back what was put into it. Artificial intelligence would come into play if the computer used its knowledge base to make generalizations about the library’s holdings or construct bibliographies on selected subjects.

VOCABULARY

Deals with= trata de…

Rather than= em vez de

Echoing back= devolvendo

Would come into play= entraria em ação

Library’s holdings= arquivos da biblioteca

Texto para traduzir: What Happens Inside a Computer?

2010-07-21T18:00:43-03:00

What Happens Inside a Computer?

When we sit down at a computer, we type on a keyboard which is one of the means of inputting data. And when we type on this keyboard, each letter or number is converted into a series of 0s and 1s. This binary language is what the computer understands.

After being converted into 0s and 1s, the data are then changed into electrical impulses which travel over a cable to the computer, where they are stored in memory. Each computer word, called a byte, is assigned a place in a memory cell to await processing. The data, now in the memory cells, are acted upon and processed according to the program being used.

The output, or final result, is then achieved and converted back into numbers and letters, which is displayed on TV screen or printed on paper by a printer.

Vocabulary

Keyboard= teclado

Binary language= linguagem que o computador entende, composta de zeros e uns; linguagem binária.

Travel= passam de um ponto para outro

Byte= oito dígitos binários; oito “bis”

Assigned= given = indicado, especificado

Achieved= accomplished = alcançado

Printer= máquina que imprime; impressora

Texto para traduxir: The Concept of a Database

2010-07-21T17:59:38-03:00

The Concept of a Database

In general we might say that all the files that make up the data processing system of a company form their database.

However, the term database is now used in a much broader and more comprehensive sense. To appreciate this let us contrast a conventional data processing system and a database system.

A conventional data processing system consists of one or more separate files for each application; in a database system a single large collection of data serves all applications.

If we were to survey the software market today, we would find a large number of database systems available.

VOCABULARY

Database= databank = banco de dados

Files= arquivos

Make up= formam

Broader= larger, wider = mais amplo

Sense= sentido, significado

To survey= to examine = examiner, pesquisar

Software market= Mercado de software, isto é, de programas

Texto para traduzir: Inputting / Outputting Information

2010-07-21T17:58:32-03:00

Inputting / Outputting Information

Magnetic tape– it is one of the principal input/output recording media used with computers and is mainly used for storing intermediate results of computations and for compact storing of large amounts of data, in an ordered sequence. It is much cheaper to store information on tape than in the computer main memory or on a disk memory device, but it takes longer to locate a paritucular data item if it is stored on tape: data must be stored and accessed sequentially.

Magnetic disk– it consists of a series of concentric paths or tracks each capable of storing data in magnetically coded form. It looks like a phonograph record and a series of disks is mounted on a vertical shaft. One or more access arms move into the disk to read or write the data stored on it. Disks may be hard (made out of aluminum) or floppy (made out of plastic). Disks may be permanently attached to the drive unit or they may be made up as removable disk packs. Disks may be made even more efficient by using laser beam to read and write data.

VOCABULARY

Media= pl. of medium (Latin word) = meios

Large amounts= great quantities = grandes quantidades

Cheaper= more inexpensive = mais barato

It takes longer= leva mais tempo

Accessed= reached = alcançados, acessados

Paths or tracks= trilhas

It looks like= parece com, é semelhante a

Shaft= eixo

Drive unit= dispositivo impulsor

Packs= packages = vários discos presos por um eixo

Laser beam= raio laser

Texto para traduzir: Assembly Languages

2010-07-21T17:57:01-03:00

Assembly Languages

Assembly language is a programming language that talks fairly directly to the computer. Unlike machine language, which is what the computer understands, assembly language is mnemonic, so that it can be understood and remembered more easily by a human being; in fact, assembly language is really just machine language in mnemonic form.

Assembly languages are specific to a given CPU chip and are named after it (e.g., 8080 assembly language, 6809 assembly language etc.). They are harder to program than a high-level language, but they produce programs that are more efficient and run faster.

VOCABULARY

Fairly= quase

Unlike= ao contrário de, diferente de

Just= apenas, justamente

CPU= Central Processing Unit = Unidade Central de Processamento

Are named= recebem o nome

After it= de acordo com ele (chip)

Harder= mais trabalhosas

Run faster= rodam mais rápido

Texto para traduzir: Mainframes, Minicomputers and Microcomputers

2010-07-21T17:55:56-03:00

Mainframes, Minicomputers and Microcomputers

A mainframe computer is a large computer system comprised of a large central processing unit, separate memory banks, multiple data-storage devices and peripherals. It is found in computer installations which process immense amounts of data. This powerful machine has a larger repertoire of more complex instructions which can be executed more quickly.

A minicomputer is much smaller than the mainframe computer. It was developed to perform limited functions in scientific environments with less computing capacity. It became possible to reduce the size of the computer with the replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors and the development of multicircuit “chips”.

A microcomputer is the smallest of the three sizes of computers. The central processor of a micro, called the microprocessor, is built as a single semiconductor device, that is, all the elements necessary to perform all the logical and arithmetic functions are manufactured as a single chip. The microprocessor literally contains a computer on a chip that can pass through the eye of a needle.

VOCABULARY

Comprised of= including = incluindo, compreendendo, composto de

Multiple= tendo muitas partes; múltiplo

Repertoire= repertório, conjunto

Enveironments= surroundings = ambientes

Termos importantes para area de informática

2010-07-21T17:44:19-03:00

Termos importantes para a área de informática

Alguns termos em Inglês, essenciais para quem trabalha ou usa constantemente a ferramenta da informática.

Access Rules Regras de Acesso

Actual Real Verdadeiro

Ascertain Obter

An except condition is raised Uma condição de exceção será detectada

An completion condition is raised Uma condição de conclusão será detectada

Assertion Asserção

Assignable Assinalável, Atribuível

Assignement Atribuição

Base tables Tabelas base

Braces Chaves

Binding manter o termo em inglês entre aspas

Binding style Estilo de "binding"

Bit string Cadeia de bits

Cast manter o termo em inglês entre aspas

Catalog Catálogo

Change Modificar

Character Caractere

Character string Cadeia de caracteres

Check conditions Condições de verificação

Cluster manter o termo em inglês entre aspas

Coercibility Coercibilidade (obrigatoriedade)

Collates Possui valor de comparação

Collating sequence Sequência para comparação pendente

Collation Método de ordenação pendente

Column Coluna

Completion Conclusão

Conforming Em conformidade com esta norma Padrão

Conforming Entry SQL language Linguagem em conformidade com SQL

Connection Relação

Constraint Restrição

Contained Contido

Containing Que contém

Containment Escopo

Conversely Por outro lado

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) manter o termo em inglês entre aspas

Correlation name Nome de correlação

Cursor manter o termo em inglês entre aspas

Deallocate Liberar

Data string Cadeia de dados

Datetime Data/hora

Database Base de dados

Default manter o termo em inglês entre aspas

Deferrable Adiável Postergável

Delete Eliminar

Deletes Eliminação

Depth Nível de profundidade

Denote Indicar

Direct result of executing an SQL-statement Resultado direto da execução de uma instrução SQL

Detected Constatado

Duplicate rows Linhas duplicadas

Earlier Antes

Effectively (termo)Efetivamente

Embedded Embutido

Enabled Habilitados

Enabling Habilitadores

Enhancement De aprimoramento

Entry SQL SQL básico

Escape character Caractere de escape

Evaluation Avaliação no sentido de valorar

Fall Classificam-se

Feature Característica

Fixed-length coding Codificação de tamanho fixo

Flagger Sinalizador

Form-of-use Forma de uso

Former Primeiro

Full SQL SQL Completo

General Rules Regras Gerais

Generally underling table Tabelas gerais

Given row Linha dada

Grant option Opção de concessão

Grantable Concessível

Granted Cessionário

Grantor Concessor

Grouping column Coluna de agrupamento

Host language Linguagem hospedeira

Ideograph Ideógrafo

Implementation-defined Definido pela implementação

Implementation-dependent Dependente de implementação

Implementor Produtor

Implied Implícito, Subentendido

Incidental Acidental

Inessential Não essencial

Information Schema Esquema de Informação traduzir somente quando em minúsculo

Innermost Mais interno

Instance Ocorrência

Intermediate SQL SQL Intermediário

International Standard Norma Brasileira

Intervening Intercalado

Known Conhecido, Reconhecido

Later Depois

Latter Segundo

Leaf generally underling table Tabela geral folha

Leaf underling table Tabelas folhas

Length Tamanho

Leveling Rules Regras de Nivelamento

Matching rows Comparação de linhas

Mixing Combinação

Monadic Monádico

Multiset Conjunto múltiplo

Named table Tabela nominada

N-adic N-ádico

No data Nenhum dado

Non-conforming Sem conformidade com esta norma

Not deferrable Inadiável

Nullability Anulabilidade capacidade de receber valor nulo

Nullable Anulável

Object column Coluna objeto

Object row Linha objeto

Octet Octeto (seqüência de 8 bits)

Outermost Mais externo

Overflow manter o termo em inglês entre aspas

Overlap Sobreposição

Pad character Caractere de preenchimento

Pair-wise Par a par

Pattern Modelo

Pattern-match Correspondência de padrões

Parse-tree Árvore sintática Glossário de Informática

Phanton Ilusão

Portion Parte

Production Rule Regra de Produção

Provided Fornecida

Purpose Propósito, fim, objetivo

Raised Detectada

Range Intervalo Read-write Leitura e gravação

Read-only Somente para leitura

Recovery Restauração

Rollback Desfeito

Roman Tipo romano

Row Linha Run time Em tempo de execução Schema Esquema SQL refere-se ao Esquema SQL

Search Pesquisa

Search condition Condição de pesquisa Glossário de Informática

Serializability Serialização pendente

Set Estabelecido

Set operations Operações de conjunto

Shall Deverá

Simply underling table Tabelas diretas

SQL-data Dados SQL

SQL-implementation Implementação SQL

SQL-session Sessão SQL

SQL-transaction Transação SQL

SQL-statement Instrução SQL

Square brackets Colchetes

Statement Instrução (pode ser declarativa ou procedural)

Status De estado

String manter o temo em inglês entre aspas

Sub-rule Sub-regra

Substring manter o termo em inglês entre aspas

Sucessfull Com sucesso

Syntax Rules Regras de Sintaxe

Target Alvo

The following restrictions apply for ... As seguintes restrições se aplicam .. Regras de nivelamento

Therefore Portanto

Time zone Zona de fuso horário

Timestamp Marca de tempo

Triadic Triádico

Underlying Básica

Underlying columns Colunas base

Underling tables Tabelas de origem

Unique Unicidade

Unknown Indeterminado

Usage Uso, utilização

Variable-length coding Codificação de tamanho variável

View Visão

Viewed-tables Visões de tabelas